Today on Twitter, Tom Whitby posted:
I understand the intent of Tom's post: we have too many teachers who have become detached from some of the "big thinkers" in education. It's easy for a teacher, with all the pressures and responsibilities, to become isolated in their classroom with their students. Fortunately, it's easier than ever to traverse the branches of the internet and find leaders in education online, as well as other teachers who want to share, discuss, and debate big ideas in education.
While I'm sure Tom didn't intend for his list to be all-inclusive, all the names listed have something in common: none of those people are current professors of education. I'm not saying that professors have cornered the market of good ideas, but rarely do I see them mentioned on Twitter or elsewhere outside the ivory towers of academia. (Not suprisingly, several professors who are breaking down this wall are professors of educational technology, such as Alec Couros and Scott McLeod.) Trust me: ed school professors care just as deeply about students, schools, and the improvement of our educational system as anyone, and many have wonderfully big thoughts and ideas. In addition, they have a scholarly duty to promote ideas that have been tested and shown to have positive effects, not just ideas that sound like good ideas.
This might not be the place for a lame sports analogy, but I'm thinking of it this way. I love baseball, and I could happily spend hours listening to Bob Costas and Peter Gammons describe the nuances of the game. But if my job is to walk up to the plate and hit a major league fastball, do I want Costas or Gammons as my hitting coach? No! Give me Joe Varva or Rudy Jaramillo. Never heard of them, you say? Well, they're both major league hitting coaches, for the Twins and Cubs, respectively. Costas or Gammons could probably help me get a swing that looks like Joe Mauer's, but I'd need Varva or Jaramillo to help me develop my best swing, not one modeled after somebody else's. And neither Varva or Jaramillo themselves played in the majors. They know what they're doing because they tirelessly treat their jobs as a science. Alfie Kohn isn't Joe Varva. He's Peter Gammons -- an intelligent and thoughtful commentator who is making positive contributions to his profession and our enjoyment, but not necessarily a scientist.
So while you're asking your colleagues about Kohn, Marzano, and Sir Ken, try asking them if they have heard of Linda Darling-Hammond, Deborah Ball, Michael Apple, Truus Dekker, Alan Schoenfeld, or Lorrie Shepard. Don't know them? You should, but if you don't, don't be too hard on yourself. I was disappointed to the see that the list of Race to the Top scorers was heavily populated with educational consultants, institute founders, foundation advocates, and others who might profit from the results, instead of more ed school researchers. So maybe Arne Duncan doesn't know many of the names on my list, either. But it's not all his fault, and not all your fault, either. Our system of higher education and scholarly publishing is holding up those ivory walls, walls that work both ways. Stick to Alfie Kohn and let the wall crumble, or read Linda Darling-Hammond and try to knock it down.
Survey: Teaching to the Test
Colorado math teachers: I need your input! I have heard many teachers use the phrase "teaching to the test" and I want to know two things:
Many thanks for your cooperation, and I'll be sure to let everyone know the survey results and how they factor into my research. If any of you submit perfect rankings, I believe you deserve some recognition. I'd offer cash prizes, but that's not exactly in my budget. Sorry!
- What does "teaching to the test" mean to you?
- How well do you know the math CSAP test? What is assessed most? And least?
- 3rd Grade Math CSAP
- 4th Grade Math CSAP
- 5th Grade Math CSAP
- 6th Grade Math CSAP
- 7th Grade Math CSAP
- 8th Grade Math CSAP
- 9th Grade Math CSAP
- 10th Grade Math CSAP
Many thanks for your cooperation, and I'll be sure to let everyone know the survey results and how they factor into my research. If any of you submit perfect rankings, I believe you deserve some recognition. I'd offer cash prizes, but that's not exactly in my budget. Sorry!
Conference on World Affairs 2010: Saving the Nation With Math and Science
Tuesday 2:00 Panel, East Ballroom UMC, CU-Boulder
Panelists: Ruth Oratz, Kirsten Sanford (@drkiki), and Erika B. Wagner
(All of the below is paraphrased to the best of my ability, and not necessarily a transcription!)
Dr. Kiki: There is a myth that science is on the way out in this country, that somehow as a nation we've fallen way behind. While there is always room to improve, it's good to focus on what is right with science in the US. Our colleges and universities hold 17 of the top 20 positions for science research worldwide, and people from all over the world come here to study. The public is thankful for science and believes it has done them more good than harm. However, we aren't always very good at communicating what's good and right about science, and that limits both participation and advancement.
Erika B. Wagner: Science has helped our society in countless ways, yet our youth don't rank highly on international assessments and our science workforce, such as our NASA engineers, are approaching retirement with fewer young engineers to replace them. Can we use STEM education to excite the public? We must recognize the frontiers that have been opened by our current levels of math and science, and energize ourselves around new challenges that we have only begun to realize.
Ruth Oratz: I'm thinking literally about using math and science to save us from poor health and diseases such as cancer. Cancer rates worldwide are escalating rapidly, and 30 years of research have helped us better understand cancer and develop new treatments. What we're seeing now is a cooperation of doctors, engineers, mathematicians and statisticians, and other scientists who are unified in their fight against cancer. Unfortunately, the resources to do our best research aren't there. The National Cancer Institute spends a large part of their budget on sustaining older projects, leaving less for new cutting-edge research.
Erika B. Wagner: We need people to take a new perspective on science education. When I used to come home from school, my mother didn't ask me, "Did you learn anything new today?" Instead, she'd ask, "Did you ask any good questions today?" Our kids need to feel empowered to ask good questions.
Q&A:
Q: My question is about motivation. I'm old enough to remember Sputnik, and my friends and I went from wanting to be Buddy Holly at the beginning of the week to wanting to be engineers by the end of the week. What can ignite that passion for science to a new generation?
A: Kiki: I think the internet is broadening people's horizons to science in interactive ways that is generating motivation to study science.
A: Oratz: Social networks of participants is helping science in significant ways, even if the participants are participating in passive ways. People want to help -- even if they aren't scientists.
Q: Do you think having people with math and science degrees, even advanced degrees, is important to teaching math and science and motivate learning in their students?
A: Kiki: Not for the motivation part, but the knowledge is important. We have to change the perception of what it means to be a scientist, that it's more than just working in a lab. Perhaps we could consider lowering the bar to get more people into being science and math teachers, but structure requirements so they develop their expertise over the course of their career.
Q: How do we get science into the public narrative, and how do we restructure our funding to better focus on science?
A: Oratz: Look at what we're up against - we have countless TV channels dedicated to entertainment, but very few Discovery networks. Also, there are still some very "ivory tower" bureaucracies that funnel money to non-progressive efforts and institutions.
A: Kiki: There are some efforts, such as the show "The Big Bang Thoery" and efforts to make science fiction more scientifically accurate. Still, we need a better narrative.
Q: In math and science postsecondary ed, how many students are American vs. how many come from other countries?
A: Kiki: I'm not aware of the numbers, but we have the best institutions in the world, so we attract the best students from around the world. Some of those students stay, some don't, and some can't.
A: Wagner: We need some reform of our work visa policies to help top talent stay in the country.
Summary: The Q&A continued with numerous questions about improving math and science education. Some were anecdotal about particular course requirements or tests in particular schools or districts, but that's the dialogue you expect in open forums like the Conference on World Affairs. Still, there were plenty of good questions and, as can be expected, it's hard to come up with 2-minute answers that will solve our educational problems in math and science. I appreciate Ruth Oratz's forthrightness about money being an issue, and I believe she successfully argued it's targeted funding we need, not just more dollars spread thin across our educational and research systems.
Panelists: Ruth Oratz, Kirsten Sanford (@drkiki), and Erika B. Wagner
(All of the below is paraphrased to the best of my ability, and not necessarily a transcription!)
Dr. Kiki: There is a myth that science is on the way out in this country, that somehow as a nation we've fallen way behind. While there is always room to improve, it's good to focus on what is right with science in the US. Our colleges and universities hold 17 of the top 20 positions for science research worldwide, and people from all over the world come here to study. The public is thankful for science and believes it has done them more good than harm. However, we aren't always very good at communicating what's good and right about science, and that limits both participation and advancement.
Erika B. Wagner: Science has helped our society in countless ways, yet our youth don't rank highly on international assessments and our science workforce, such as our NASA engineers, are approaching retirement with fewer young engineers to replace them. Can we use STEM education to excite the public? We must recognize the frontiers that have been opened by our current levels of math and science, and energize ourselves around new challenges that we have only begun to realize.
Ruth Oratz: I'm thinking literally about using math and science to save us from poor health and diseases such as cancer. Cancer rates worldwide are escalating rapidly, and 30 years of research have helped us better understand cancer and develop new treatments. What we're seeing now is a cooperation of doctors, engineers, mathematicians and statisticians, and other scientists who are unified in their fight against cancer. Unfortunately, the resources to do our best research aren't there. The National Cancer Institute spends a large part of their budget on sustaining older projects, leaving less for new cutting-edge research.
Erika B. Wagner: We need people to take a new perspective on science education. When I used to come home from school, my mother didn't ask me, "Did you learn anything new today?" Instead, she'd ask, "Did you ask any good questions today?" Our kids need to feel empowered to ask good questions.
Q&A:
Q: My question is about motivation. I'm old enough to remember Sputnik, and my friends and I went from wanting to be Buddy Holly at the beginning of the week to wanting to be engineers by the end of the week. What can ignite that passion for science to a new generation?
A: Kiki: I think the internet is broadening people's horizons to science in interactive ways that is generating motivation to study science.
A: Oratz: Social networks of participants is helping science in significant ways, even if the participants are participating in passive ways. People want to help -- even if they aren't scientists.
Q: Do you think having people with math and science degrees, even advanced degrees, is important to teaching math and science and motivate learning in their students?
A: Kiki: Not for the motivation part, but the knowledge is important. We have to change the perception of what it means to be a scientist, that it's more than just working in a lab. Perhaps we could consider lowering the bar to get more people into being science and math teachers, but structure requirements so they develop their expertise over the course of their career.
Q: How do we get science into the public narrative, and how do we restructure our funding to better focus on science?
A: Oratz: Look at what we're up against - we have countless TV channels dedicated to entertainment, but very few Discovery networks. Also, there are still some very "ivory tower" bureaucracies that funnel money to non-progressive efforts and institutions.
A: Kiki: There are some efforts, such as the show "The Big Bang Thoery" and efforts to make science fiction more scientifically accurate. Still, we need a better narrative.
Q: In math and science postsecondary ed, how many students are American vs. how many come from other countries?
A: Kiki: I'm not aware of the numbers, but we have the best institutions in the world, so we attract the best students from around the world. Some of those students stay, some don't, and some can't.
A: Wagner: We need some reform of our work visa policies to help top talent stay in the country.
Summary: The Q&A continued with numerous questions about improving math and science education. Some were anecdotal about particular course requirements or tests in particular schools or districts, but that's the dialogue you expect in open forums like the Conference on World Affairs. Still, there were plenty of good questions and, as can be expected, it's hard to come up with 2-minute answers that will solve our educational problems in math and science. I appreciate Ruth Oratz's forthrightness about money being an issue, and I believe she successfully argued it's targeted funding we need, not just more dollars spread thin across our educational and research systems.
Calling Colorado Teachers: Can I Analyze Your Assessment?
Sometime in the next week or so I need to observe a math or science teacher. I'm turning to you, my PLN, for a volunteer. I'm open to any grade level, and here's the official description of the assignment:
So if you don't mind an extra body in your classroom and can spare some minutes to discuss assessment, please email me at johnson@downclimb.com or DM @MathEdnet on Twitter. If you don't feel right for the study but can arrange something with a teacher that you think would be great to observe, that would be great, too. I'm in Boulder, am willing to travel a reasonable distance, and am available any day of the week. Your help will be greatly appreciated and I look forward to working with you!
Analysis of the Assessment Practices of a Math/Science TeacherTo be clear, I am not wishing to observe you giving a test or quiz, or to analyze the content and design of your test or quiz. I want to observe you during an instructional task and analyze what questions you ask, how you ask them, and how your students respond. As you can see from the assignment, I'm looking for the formative processes you use to determine if your students truly understand the content.
For this assignment you will observe a school mathematics or science teacher to analyze opportunities to assess student understanding embedded within a classroom context. Determine the extent to which assessment is embedded in instruction, detailing the kinds of questions and tasks used during instruction.
Additionally, as part of this assignment include a brief interview of the teacher’s beliefs about assessment. Some questions to consider…
- Consider what it means to assess understanding
- As part of your observation, be prepared to distinguish between questions that guide the discussion and questions that elicit student understanding
- To what extent does the teacher create opportunities to gauge student thinking and learning? When does the teacher "check in" with students?
- To what extent do students responses influence instruction?
These are just suggested questions. You are encouraged to adapt these and include other questions that you consider important. The report can be set up as a 2-part narrative that summarizes the observation and the teacher’s responses to the interview. Be sure to highlight specific aspects of what was observed and discussed, so that you can report your findings to the group and class on April 13th.
- What is the purpose of assessment?
- When do you assess your students?
- [if appropriate] How do you use information from observations and listening to students to inform instruction?
So if you don't mind an extra body in your classroom and can spare some minutes to discuss assessment, please email me at johnson@downclimb.com or DM @MathEdnet on Twitter. If you don't feel right for the study but can arrange something with a teacher that you think would be great to observe, that would be great, too. I'm in Boulder, am willing to travel a reasonable distance, and am available any day of the week. Your help will be greatly appreciated and I look forward to working with you!
Think Your Students Can Solve This Problem? (Hint: They Probably Can't)
In his book chapter "Aspects of the Art of Assessment Design," Jan de Lange gives some examples of tasks found on large-scale standardized assessments, such as the TIMSS, PISA, and NAEP. Here's a problem that was rejected from the PISA (it would have been given to 15-year-olds):
So why do you think this problem was rejected from the PISA? Is it not authentic? Is it not relevant to mathematical content? Is it culturally biased? Nope. It was rejected because when it was field tested, fewer than 10% of students got it correct. As a high school math teacher, I can't identify any mathematics most of my 15-year-olds haven't "learned" (I'm using that term loosely, given the circumstances), but that doesn't mean they can do the problem.
de Lange's point is that we must be careful about excluding problems from our assessments (particularly the large-scale ones) because they are too difficult. There are political pressures from many countries to exclude such items because they make countries look bad, but that's not a great reason to not use them. Having high-quality test items that we can use to track long-term trends is more important than saving face. Without problems like these, we risk not asking ourselves why our students have difficulties with such problems.
While de Lange makes a good argument, opinions may vary. How do you feel about item difficulty on assessments? Does it matter if it's a large-scale test like the PISA versus a classroom assessment? Would you give students a test item that had a known 10% success rate?
References
de Lange, J. (2007). Aspects of the Art of Assessment Design. In A. H. Schoenfeld (Ed.), Assessing Mathematical Proficiency, Mathematical Sciences Research Institute Publications (pp. 99-111). New York: Cambridge University Press.
For health reasons people should limit their efforts, for instance during sports, in order not to exceed a certain heartbeat frequency. For years the relationship between a person's recommended maximum heart rate and the person's age was described by the following formula:
Recommended maximum heart rate = 220 - age
Recent research showed that this formula should be modified slightly. The new formula is as follows:
Recommended maximum heart rate = 208 - (0.7 x age)
Question 1: A newspaper article stated: "A result of using the new formula instead of the old one is that the recommended maximum number of heartbeats per minute for young people decreases slightly and for old people it increases slightly." From which age onwards does the recommended maximum heart rate increase as a result of the introduction of the new formula? Show your work.
Question 2: The formula Recommended maximum heart rate = 208 - (0.7 x age) also helps determine when physical training is most effective: this is assumed to be when the heartbeat is at 80% of the recommended maximum heart rate. Write down a formula for calculating the heart rate for most effective physical training, expressed in terms of age. (de Lange, 2007, pp. 103-104)
So why do you think this problem was rejected from the PISA? Is it not authentic? Is it not relevant to mathematical content? Is it culturally biased? Nope. It was rejected because when it was field tested, fewer than 10% of students got it correct. As a high school math teacher, I can't identify any mathematics most of my 15-year-olds haven't "learned" (I'm using that term loosely, given the circumstances), but that doesn't mean they can do the problem.
de Lange's point is that we must be careful about excluding problems from our assessments (particularly the large-scale ones) because they are too difficult. There are political pressures from many countries to exclude such items because they make countries look bad, but that's not a great reason to not use them. Having high-quality test items that we can use to track long-term trends is more important than saving face. Without problems like these, we risk not asking ourselves why our students have difficulties with such problems.
While de Lange makes a good argument, opinions may vary. How do you feel about item difficulty on assessments? Does it matter if it's a large-scale test like the PISA versus a classroom assessment? Would you give students a test item that had a known 10% success rate?
References
de Lange, J. (2007). Aspects of the Art of Assessment Design. In A. H. Schoenfeld (Ed.), Assessing Mathematical Proficiency, Mathematical Sciences Research Institute Publications (pp. 99-111). New York: Cambridge University Press.
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